問:查字典,bankruptcy和insolvency都是「破產」,兩字有什麼分別?
答:嚴格而言,insolvency是「無力清償債務」,但是,負債者一日未經法庭宣布破產,一日還有可能籌得資金還債;bankruptcy則是由法庭宣布破產,已到了無可挽回地步,例如:(1)Though for
a while insolvent, we were soon able to raise enough money to pay our debts(我們雖然有一陣子資不抵債,但不久就籌到錢,把債還清)。(2)After
he was declared bankrupt, the authorities took over his assets for distribution
among his creditors(法庭宣布他破產之後,當局就接管他的資產,分給他的債主)。
隨便一點,bankrupt也可以指「沒有錢」,不一定是「破產」,例如:With so many bills to pay, I will soon
go bankrupt(有那麼多帳單要付,我快要破產啦)。Bankrupt這個字,由兩個義大利字合成,原意是broken
bench(損毀的長凳)。從前,放債者(moneylender)坐在長凳上做生意,假如長凳損毀,生意自然做不下去,正如現在公司bankrupt,就得停業。放債者的業務,和後世的銀行相似,所以銀行也叫做bank。
至於中文的「破產」,古時只是「耗盡家產」的意思,沒有法律含義。大詩人李白就破過產。請看他的《醉後贈從甥高鎮》:「黃金逐手快意盡,昨日破產今朝貧。」